1. Components and operating principles of a VNA The vector network analyzer (VNA) mainly consists of an excitation source, a power distribution a……

A duplexer is a device that enables us to connect both the Tx transmit path and the Rx receive path to a single/common antenna without interference from each other. When the frequencies of the transmitter and receiver are differ

1. Meaning Filters are one of the essential components in the radio frequency (RF) front-end. The primary function of a filter is to "filter……

RF modulation is intentionally altering the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier signal. Below, we discuss theory, time domain, and frequency domain aspects. 1. Mathematical principles The mathematical relat

If we cannot extract data from the received signal, integrating data into the transmission signal becomes meaningless. That's why studying demodulation is essential. The scope of demodulation circuits is extensive, ranging from simple i

PA is an important component module of the communication system, which is responsible for amplifying the RF signal and power output. In the mobile communication system, the output signal of PA is about 29 ~ 32 dBm about 1,000 mW . Compared with the power output of the transceiver chip about 0 dBm 1 mW , the output po……

Flexible Flat Cable (FFC)is a key component in modern electronic devices.Known for its compact design and versatile applications,FFC soft cableshave become the preferred choice for designers and manufacturers in the electronics industry. In this article,

In the electronics manufacturing industry, 2.54mm pitch PCB header pins are an essential and widely used component for connecting various electronic devices. This specific pitch has become the industry standard for multiple reasons, including its historical significance, ease of manufacturing, compatibility, and versat……

A connector is a device used to connect two or more electrical circuits. As an electromechanical component, connectors are usually used in pairs, consisting of a plug (male end) and a receptacle (female end). The plug is often referred to as a plug, male connector, or header, while the receptacle is called a socket, ja……

In the world of modern electronics, two of the most commonly used video and audio transmission standards are DisplayPort (DP) and HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface). Although both serve similar functions, they differ significantly in terms of performance, applications, and compatibility. In this article, we’ll……

​MMCX connectors (Micro-Miniature Coaxial) are widely used in modern electronic devices, particularly in wireless communication, satellite systems, navigation, ……

DIP switches (Dual Inline Package switches) might not be something you encounter every day, but they are an essential component in various electronic devices, household appliances, and industrial systems. This small yet powerful "tool" acts as the "key" for adjusting or switching device functions, providing different o……